23 Analytical Essay Topics on Political and Economic Development in the Third World

23 Analytical Essay Topics on Political and Economic Development in the Third World If your instructor had issued an assignment to do an analytical essay on political and economic development in the third world, you need to ensure that it has ample facts to support your arguments. Here are 23 you can use in your upcoming essay to secure a good grade. Conventional wisdom dictates that improved economic conditions help to lower crime. However, this does not apply to international terrorism. According to the economist, Alan Kruger, â€Å"There is little reason for optimism that a reduction in poverty or increase in educational attainment will lead to a meaningful reduction in the amount of international terrorism.† According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), 75% of unemployed people worldwide lack unemployment insurance. Developed countries can combat this by investing in labors of such infrastructure projects include: irrigation systems, wells, health centers, schools, and dams. High levels of public debt, unemployment and job insecurity are major problems that plague the third world. Under these conditions, future economic development seems grim. Political stability also remains a distant dream. Developing human capital needs to be the major goal of third world countries. Most developing countries have a thriving underground economy. Illicit trade and drug use is rampant there, negatively affecting the economy of the country. Transnational crime needs to be curbed in order to ensure the economic stability of the third world. Victims of poverty are more vulnerable to environmental changes. The destruction of natural resources such as water supplies and forests further degrades the quality of life for poor people. On the other hand, the conservation of forests will lead to a more stable water supply system and less soil erosion. As most of the world’s poor rely on agricultural activities for sustenance, natural resources are a matter of life and death. Illicit drug trade has a devastating effect on public health. Almost a quarter of all AIDS/HIV cases in China, Central Asia and Russia can be traced to IV drug use. Since drug trade crosses international boundaries, it is a problem that needs to be tackled before it expands on a global scale. Education levels is a major factor in the Human Development Index and improving it should be the focus of developing countries. However, improving education in developing countries benefits the economy more than simply improving literacy. Without the former, people may view themselves as outsiders in the political process. As a result, they have less faith in their fellow countrymen and suffer from poor health. Corruption is a major problem in underdeveloped countries, especially since countermeasures are hindered with complex obstacles. The World Bank has declared corruption as â€Å"Public Enemy Number One†. Access to healthcare is a major issue for the poorest countries of the world. A shocking example is that of Haiti, which has less than 1% of the total professional nurses required per person as compared to the US. The presence of significant red tape in developing countries is an obstacle in small business growth. Reducing the number of regulations can help this situation. A World Bank report showed that the number of new businesses rose by 50% in Ethiopia when the government made the regulatory process more efficient. Debt repayments are a major burden on third world nations. 39 of the poorest countries in the developing world have been granted full or partial debt write-offs by foreign governments or international financial institutions. Developing countries have highly restrictive trade policies in place. This has a negative effect on their balance of trade and balance of payments, eventually causing a slowdown in economic growth rates. A significant knowledge gap exists between the developing world and other nations. Even the dissemination of information via mass media has not helped bridge the knowledge gap. Third world nations have high levels of government corruption and weakened state institutions. Some researchers claim that such states are more likely to become failed and will be under greater threat of terrorism. The Fragile State Index is used to rank the strength of governance in major countries. Currently, the top three most fragile states are all third world nations. South Sudan is the most fragile, followed by Somalia, and the Central African Republic. Third world populations suffer from malnutrition. This leads to the underdevelopment of their bodies and minds. Studies show that over 200 million children under five years of age fail to reach their full development potential. Access to healthcare in the third world can be improved by using Mobile Health Units. These are very cost-effective, with the average cost per patient around $1.26. Such units can help prevent malaria and provide water sanitation services. Money markets in third world countries are not very sophisticated. Most third world countries have money markets which are poorly integrated, quite narrow, and in some cases virtually nonexistent. Access to better education and healthcare will speed up economic and social progress in underdeveloped nations. Over 1.2 million people die each year due to Malaria. The majority of the victims are very young children in Africa. The factors contributing to this high level of infection are: water shortages, poor waste disposal systems, inadequate housing, and poorly designed water and irrigation systems. Pollution kills 800,000 people annually. Urban areas in developing nations have high pollution levels, mainly caused by vehicles, industrial waste and energy production. Each year about 355,000 people die from unintentional poisoning. About two-thirds of these deaths occur in third world countries. The lack of knowledge about pesticides and toxic chemicals is often to blame for the majority of these cases. Climate change will prove to be devastating for underdeveloped countries. People living in the coastal areas will be most vulnerable to extreme weather events and sea level rises caused by rising temperatures. These facts should give you a good general idea of political and economic development in the third world. You may continue learning about it by reading our instructions on writing an analytical essay on the subject as well our 20 topics list and 1 sample essay. References: McMichael, Philip. Development and Social Change. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2012. Print. Terror vs. the Third World. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from nytimes.com/1986/05/11/opinion/terror-vs-the-third-world.html Alan B. Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, â€Å"Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?† Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (Fall 2003):119-44 Yumusak, I., Bilen, M., Ates, H. (2013). The Impacts of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Growth in Turkey. Procedia Social And Behavioral Sciences, 103, 1093-1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.437 Hanushek, E. (2013). Economic growth in developing countries: The role of human capital.Economics Of Education Review, 37, 204-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.04.005 Patrick, S. (2012). The Internationalist  » How Transnational Crime Hinders Development- and What to Do About It. Council on Foreign Relations The Internationalist. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from http://blogs.cfr.org/patrick/2012/06/26/how-transnational-crime-hinders-development-and-what-to-do-about-it/ Acemoglu, D. (2009) Introduction to Modern Economic Growth Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rodrik, D. (2007) One Economics Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth Princeton: Princeton University Press. The Guardian,. (2013). Curbing deforestation in the developing world. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/crown-agents-partner-zone/curbing-deforestation-in-the-developing-world Andreas, S. (2016). Education in an Uncertain World | Human Development Reports.Hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/education-uncertain-world Stasavage, David and Daubrà ©e, â€Å"Determinants of Customs Fraud and Corruption: Evidence from Two African Countries†, Technical Paper No 138, OECD Development Centre, August 1998. Hors, Irà ¨ne, Fighting Corruption in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies: the Role of the Private Sector, study by the OECD Development Centre, to be published. Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative . International Monetary Fund. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015. Shah, Anup (July 2007). Structural Adjustment- a Major Cause of Poverty.. Global Issues. Retrieved 2007-08-13. Edwards, S. Trade Orientation, Distortions and Growth In Developing Countries. (n.d.): n. pag. 1-37 Harrison, Ann. Openness and Growth: A Time-series, Cross-country Analysis for Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics 48.2 (1996): 419-47. Web. Gaziano, C. (1983). The knowledge gap: An analytical review of media effects. Communication Research 10 (4): 447–486. Gaziano, C. (1997). Forecast 2000: Widening knowledge gaps. Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (2): 237–264. James A. Piazza,Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism? International Studies Quarterly, 2008, 3: 469-488, p.470 Fragile States Index FAQ Retrieved 3 March 2016. The Fund for Peace Retrieved 3 March 2016. Grantham-McGregor, Sally et al., the International Child Development Steering Group. â€Å"Developmental Potential in the First 5 Years for Children in Developing Countries.† Lancet 369.9555 (2007): 60–70. PMC. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. Walsh, J., and K. Warren. Control of Infectious Disease in Developing Countries. New England Journal of Medicine 304.1 (1981): n. pag. 967-974 Yà ±ez, L, Ortiz, D, Calderon, J, Batres, L, Carrizales, L, Mejia, J et al. Overview of human health and chemical mixtures: problems facing developing countries. Environmental Health Perspectives 2002; 110 (6): 901-909. Taylor, LH, Latham, SM Woolhouse, ME. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001; 356 (1411): 983-9. The World health report 2002 reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002. Goldman, L, Tran, N. Toxics and poverty: the impact of toxic substances on the poor in developing countries. Washington, DC, The World Bank, 2002. FAO/UNEP/WHO. Childhood pesticide poisoning: information for advocacy and action. Geneva, United Nations Environment Programme, 2004. Tichenor, P.J., Donohue, G.A. and Olien, C.N. (1970). Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge, Public Opinion Quarterly 34: Colombia University Press.

Education during Imprisonment Essays - Penology, Criminology

Education during Imprisonment Essays - Penology, Criminology Education during Imprisonment Mr. Chojnacki English 110 12/9/14 Education during Imprisonment Education and job skills are key elements to reducing recidivism therefore; prisons, county jails, and the probation offices should adopt mandatory programs so ex-offenders can become productive members of society. Every year approximately 9 million people are released from prison in the U.S. (Center, T. N.-e., 2012) and due to lack of education and job skills, 52% of those 9 million returns within three years. According to Yamatani & Spjeldnes (2011), The United States represents only 5 percent of the worlds population, but we hold 25 percent of the world's inmates in our prisons and jails (Pew Center on the States, 2008). We have more people behind bars in total numbers and per capita than any other industrialized country2.3 million out of nearly 300 million (750 per 100,000 residents)one out of 100 U.S. This essay will show the difference between recidivism and rehabilitation as well as showing how education and job training can effectively reduce the rate of recidivism in the U.S . What is recidivism you ask? The Merriam-Webster defines recidivism as a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2012). Recidivism comes into play because people who have limited education and no job skills tend to find other means of support which are not always legal. According to OBrien, (2005), Women who left prisons that offered educational and job training programs were less likely to recidivate. The study also showed that these women suffered from lack of education and job skills before their arrest. When one knows no other means than the one that got them arrested in the first place, this causes them to leave prison and revert back to their former selves. This is what the dictionary says that rehabilitation is. Rehabilitation is, defined as, restoring someone or something to a former state or capacity. Now why would we want to restore someone to their former uneducated, unskilled self? That is defeating the purpose of the incarceration. This takes us to whether or not incarcerating a person rehabilitates them or not. According to Diane Brown, when entering prison you are automatically put to work either in the kitchen or as a porter (janitor). The only way you are mandated to school is if you're reading scores are a 6.0 or below, and you are never taught any job skills. Its either you know it or you dont. Ms. Brown states in the interview with the author that she has been incarcerated 5 times and is currently on parole. She also states that she has never been legally employed because she does not know how to fill out an application so she has to do other things to make money to support her and her son (personal communication, October 01, 2012). People like Diane are in need of our help. There is a saying quoted by Maya Angelou (Author of I Know Why the Caged Bird sings) and it goes, When you know better, you do better, this applies directly to most of these offenders. The crimes that they commit are not always in ma lice, but just another means of survival. These are the people that would benefit from the educational and job readiness programs spoken of here. Education and job readiness can greatly decrease the rate of recidivism. Those recently released from prison are at a higher risk of being rearrested if they do not have the tools they need to move ahead (Visher, 2010). We want them to progress forward. The only way to do this is to mandate education and job training, not only during their incarceration, but after their release as well. Taxpayers feel as though this may be a waste of money but it is believed by others that this will be the most effective strategy to use to reduce recidivism. With the way that the system is working now it is only a form of punishment for the offender and not helping to make them productive members of society once their incarceration is over. It cost taxpayers approximately $64 billion yearly to run the State prisons which is just a little over $31,000 per i nmate (CBS Sunday Morning, 2012). This money could

Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac Essay

Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac - Essay Example and advice which altogether serve as a vehicle to improve a poor man’s economy and to realize how one’s wise utilization of frugal and industrious efforts and good perception of time may remedy deep situations of crisis among the impoverished and uneducated. Franklin even made it a point to equip his composition of Richard Saunders with proverbial sentences to teach poor people the simple yet practical means to procure wealth. Through â€Å"Poor Richard’s Almanac†, I think that Franklin desires for the people to achieve the heart of enlightenment and understand that love for wisdom, despite economic depression, can be a huge source of relief. To him, it occurs as though heavy taxes imposed by the government were not the ultimate cause of severe poverty in men, rather idleness which kept them from improving the quality of life. On further reading, it may be recognized as truly expressing sentiments that reflect an emerging American culture for which Franklin seeks to establish a purpose of comprehending that while the government should be held responsible herein, American people ought to have a more profound sense of accountability for

Site visit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Site visit - Coursework Example The National Water Company provides those services and it is important for them to be efficient in providing the services. In order for the efficiency and effectiveness of the company to be realized, the company has an information technology department. The department has the responsibility to provide network facilities, train other employees on the use of new technology and installation of new technology in the organization. IS department of National Water Company is the company’s Information Technology service provider for the company’s department’s, and division. The Information services include network installation, equipment, procurement, systems, and maintenance and operation. I visited National Water Company on 10th April 2014for 6 hours. The report evaluates the company’s computer department facilities, services, and their daily services. The paper also specifies the problems the company faces with their system. The paper has also suggested the solution based on IS study. Therefore, the paper discusses the type of infrastructure, IT security measurements, IT services, IT budget, and IT policies for National Water Company. This report has been prepared with all reasonable skill, care and diligence and summarizes the findings from the 6 hours site visit. All values quoted in this Report are based on information provided by the Client. All values quoted are estimates and may require additional detailed investigation to confirm their validity. The Saudi Arabia government has prioritized the water sector. This is attributed to the importance of the sector in the country. National Water Company abbreviated as NWC, is a Saudi Arabia Joint Stock Company that is fully owned by the Public Investment Fund. The company was established to offer wastewater and water services according to the latest international regulations by the national cadres concerned efforts in liaison with international operators via foreign

Maos policy of Politics in Command set the agenda for the Chinese Essay

Maos policy of Politics in Command set the agenda for the Chinese economy for the last half of the 20th century in China. Do you agree with the statement Wh - Essay Example In the first half of the twentieth century state policy eliminated private industry and commerce resulting to a high degree of centralized and unified planned economy. But despite this the party-state showed symptoms of incapacity in terms of confronting modernization and economic growth. Aiko Ikeo (1997) cited an example: In the early stages of the creation of New China, the method of ‘three persons’ food eaten by five’ was carried out, in an effort to assist the unemployed. During the First Five-year Plan, unemployment was basically eliminated, but because of the lower level of productive forces, in order to guarantee universal employment and individual entitlement to rations, only low-wage policies could work†¦ The parity pattern of low wages, high employment and low consumption cause universal overstaffing, inefficiency and low benefits. (p. 166) By 1960 Mao Zedong launched the self-reliance model anchored on the guiding thought of â€Å"politics in command†. This theory stressed the replacement of personal desire for material and economic interests with noble political sentiments and selfless devoted spirit. This guiding thought replaced the equalitarian thought of equal wealth distribution policy in the 1950s. (Ikeo, p. 166) The basic theme of this campaign was the proper relationship between politics and business, with the basic goal of ensuring that politics is placed at the fore. More importantly, this introduced a decentralization drive which sought to give the party more control over the economy. This was achieved by having the provincial party committees supervise economic enterprises and perform a coordinating role. (Bailey 2001, p. 170) In an effort to achieve greater party control, the influence of central planning ministries was reduced. The ‘politics in command’ policy was implemented, in effect abolishing the previous equalitarian thoughts of equal

Secure Vehicular Traffic Re-routing System using SCMS

Secure Vehicular Traffic Re-routing System using SCMS Secure Vehicular Traffic Re-routing System using SCMS in connected cars ABSTRACT The centralized system encounters two vital issues, the centralized server needs to accomplish genuine calculation and communication with the other vehicles continuously, which can make such architecture infeasible for extensive zones with various vehicles; and driver security is not guaranteed since the drivers need to share their area furthermore the beginning stages and goal of their excursion with the server, which may keep the acknowledgment of such courses of action. To address these issues, a half and half vehicular rerouting structure is enlivened. The structure off-weights a tremendous part of the rerouting figuring at the vehicles, and therefore, the re-coordinating system gets the opportunity to be useful persistently. To settle on group rerouting decisions, the vehicles exchange messages over vehicular extraordinarily delegated frameworks. The system is hybrid since notwithstanding it uses a server to choose an exact overall point of view of the development more than 2G/3 G affiliation. Likewise imperative is that the customer security is balanced with the rerouting ampleness. SCMS issues advanced endorsements to taking an interest vehicles for setting up trust among other vehicle, which is imperative for prosperity applications in perspective of vehicle-to-vehicle correspondences. It underpins four principal use cases, to be particular, bootstrapping, endorsement provisioning, bad conduct reporting and renouncement. The principle outline aim is to give both security and insurance to the greatest degree sensible and possible. To fulfill the last specified, vehicles are provided pseudonym certificates, and the provisioning of those supports is partitioned among different affiliations. The essential challenges is to energize capable renouncement while giving insurance against various attacks from insiders. Keywords Intelligent vehicles, VANET, SCMS, IOT, P2P Communication, Traffic Re-Routing. Traffic congestion has changed into a continually developing issue the world over. Blockage diminishes ampleness of transportation foundation and expands travel time, air pollution, and fuel utilize. Traffic blockage acknowledged urban Americans to travel 4.8 billion hours more than should be required and to buy an additional 1.9 billion gallons of fuel, for a stop up cost of $101 billion in 2010. It is normal that by 2015, this cost will scale to $133 billion (i.e., more than $900 for each expert). The measure of abused fuel will hop to 2.5 billion gallons (i.e., enough to all more than 275,000 gas tanker trucks) [1]. While blockage is, figuratively speaking, considered as a significant city issue, delays are winding up being consistently normal in negligible urban areas and some commonplace zones also. Starting now and into the foreseeable future, finding reasonable reactions for clog adjust at sensible expenses is changing into a stringent issue. The considering is that all the more convincing vehicle re-directing can be proactively given to individual drivers accommodatingly, in light of the communitarian information amassed from shrewd mobile phones or structures presented in vehicles, to encourage the impacts of blockage in the city. The advances of the rising distinguishing and get ready pushes empowers unavoidable change of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). ITS arrangements to update the voyager encounter by melding advancement and data into the present transportation structure. Vehicle re-coordinating framework (VRS) progression is a subset of ITS. In the previous 30 years, assorted VRS advancements have been considered and made the world over using unmistakable courses of action to accomplish chop down travel time for drivers. At present static passed on street side sensors (e.g., acknowledgment circles, camcorders) and vehicles going about as versatile sensors (i.e., utilizing implanted vehicular frameworks or pushed cells) can collect steady information to screen the activity at fine granularity. For instance, the Mobile Millennium widen [2] demonstrated that specific a low rate of drivers need to offer information to satisfy a right activity see. The centralized system gathers reliable development information from vehicles and conceivably street side sensors, and it completes a couple re-routing methods to delegate another course to every re-routed vehicle in light of real travel time in the street deal with. Rather than utilizing basic most short way figurings, the re-guiding strategies utilize stack changing heuristics to figure the new course for an offered vehicle to relieve the potential blockage and to chop down the common travelling time for all vehicles. This specialized way is pushed to a vehicle driver when indications of blockage are seen on his stream way. Regardless, paying little personality to completing a tremendous decreasing in the travel time experienced by drivers, united strategies, for example, our own specific experience the malevolent effects of two trademark issues. In the first place, the central server needs to perform honest to goodness estimation (re-route vehicles to new ways) and correspondence with the vehicles (to send the course and to get territory redesigns) incessantly continuously. It would make centralized system infeasible for boundless districts with different vehicles. In a centralized Vehicle Re-routing framework, the server requires the steady area and moreover the starting point and goal of the vehicles to survey the activity conditions and give productive individual re-steering course. This prompts to significant security stresses toward the drivers and may keep the appointment of such blueprints in perspective of Big Brother fears. For whatever time span that vehiclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ takes after are completely unveiled, clients character can without a lot of a broaden be comprehended paying little personality to the probability that monikers utilized [3]. This is an immediate consequence of the way that territory can contain individuals character data [4]. Besides, a movement of area tests will as time goes on reveal the vehicles personality [5]. In this way, it is significant to make the structure work without uncovering the customers Origin and destin ation (OD) sets and with inconsequential number of area overhauls along a client travel. In any case, a totally decentralized outline is not sensible for a proactive re-routing system. For example, by making vehicular specially appointed systems (VANETs), the vehicles can trade information using multi-jump correspondence, and in this manner can perceive signs of blockage in little correspondence while sparing their security. In any case, VANETs dont permit vehicles to get an exact worldwide activity perspective of the road arrange, achieving incorrectly or if nothing else minimum imperfect re-routing. In like manner, in a totally circulated plan, as a result of the nonattendance of a facilitator, the vehicles cant take synchronized exercises meanwhile, which makes it infeasible to settle on group arranged decisions persistently. To handle each one of these issues, this article proposes DIVERT, a dispersed vehicular re-routing system for blockage evading, which impacts both cell Internet and VANET correspondence. Possess is a crossbreed system since in spite of all that i t uses a server, reachable over the Internet, to choose an exact overall point of view of the movement. The consolidated server goes about as a coordinator that accumulates zone reports, recognizes movement blockage and scatters re-routing notices (i.e. overhauled travel times in the road framework) to the vehicles. In any case, the system offloads an unlimited part of the re-routing figuring at the vehicles and consequently the re-steering process gets the opportunity to be particularly helpful dynamically. To take synergistic re-routing decisions, the vehicles orchestrated in a comparable area trade messages over VANETs. Furthermore, DIVERT executes a security change tradition to guarantee the usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ assurance, where each vehicle recognizes the road thickness locally using VANET and furtively reports data with a particular probability just from high activity thickness lanes. Right when signs of blockage are perceived, the server sends the action framework to the vehicles that sent the latest upgrades. Thusly, these vehicles scatter the action data got from the server in their locale. Customer security is uncommonly upgraded since this convention decreases radically the amount of vehicle area overhauls to the server and, thusly, the driver presentation and distinguishing proof dangers. Also, in this half and half plan, the server does not know the OD sets of the customers. Along these lines, the standard duty of this article is the scattered system for re-coordinating. Involve, has four crucial components: (1) a versatile structure building for appropriated re-routing, (2) dispersed re-routing estimations that use VANETs to vehicle accommodatingly enlist an individual alternative route for each vehicle that considers the incorporating vehiclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ future ways. (3) security careful re-routing that on a very basic level decreases fragile area data presentation of the vehicles, and (4) upgrades to diminish the VANET overhead and henceforth improve vehicle-to-vehicle correspondence idleness. Re-Routing in VANET to keep away from congestion in the versatile environment by preserving security of client. Centralized System is not adaptable for expanding vehicles. Centralized System causes danger to the client protection No V2V security Emergence of Smart City programs in India Building In-App versatile minimal effort navigation Assigning separate course to every vehicle if there should be an occurrence of re-routing when congestion happens.. Protecting users privacy from server. Implementing security and credential management system among V2V communication Implementing hybrid model while communicating with server i.e. direct Vehicle- to-Server or Vehicle to RSU to Server communication. 5.1 Existing Vehicle Routing Services Projects, for instance, Mobile Millennium [14], CarTel , JamBayes , Nericell ,and surface street estimation [4] vehicle test data accumulated from vehicle on-board GPS devices to change the state of development and gage most constrained travel time. The proposed investigate moves past this idea: instead of investigating the achievability and precision of using PDAs as action sensors, this wander focuses on using that information to recommend courses more splendidly, in this way, fulfilling better adequacy to the extent keeping up a key separation from blockage and diminishing travel time. Organizations, for instance, INRIX [3] give continuous development information at a particular passing precision, which licenses drivers to pick elective courses if they are showing lower travel times. According to Wardrops first action concordance standard [6], this could incite to a customer perfect development adjust. It is known, in any case, that no real adjust can be found under stop up. A cou ple of exercises have been take in the headings of envisioning whole deal discontinuous and transient non-tedious blockages [4]. In any case, the handiness of these applications is in like manner confined: (i) they have exact information generally about interstates and along these lines are not particularly important for city development, and (ii) they cant keep up a key separation from stops up and, meanwhile, it is understood that no certified concordance can be found under blockage [3]. Non-repetitive blockages which address the greater part of all obstructs [8], are especially unsafe as drivers cant use their expert travel times to oversee them. 5.2 Location Privacy Protection There is reliably an trade-off among security and information sharing or disclosure. On the one side, the measure of the information collected particularly impacts the sufficiency of the system. Of course, information disclosure dismisses the all inclusive communitys security (e.g., region, heading). The request is the methods by which to evaluate the assurance and minimize the security spillage. Regarding the estimation, the work in explores the information spills in the question instruments of sorted out shared (P2P) obscure correspondence systems and how these breaks can be used to exchange off mystery. In the meantime, paper [14] described Self Exposure Risk Index (SERI) and External Exposure Risk Index (XERI) to assess the insurance spillage. Concerning region assurance, an unlimited variety of work spotlights on spatial covering to give k-namelessness, which guarantees a customer to be indistinct from at any rate k-1 others. The work in battles that both spatial and common estimations should be considered in the figuring to achieve better k-mystery, where a structure is proposed to engages each versatile client to show the base level of lack of definition that it needs and the most extraordinary transient and spatial strengths that it will recognize. Distinctive techniques can be used to fulfill impelled k-anonymity, for example, registers zone entropy while uses the prefix of the territory hash regard. To keep the zone taking after, achieves k-secrecy by implanting k-1 fake zone takes after. On an extremely essential level, k-obscurity reduces the way of the customers confinement, which is not material for steady region based organizations, for instance, persistent vehicle re-coordinating. The strategy in shows way perplexity approach which uses convenience desire to make a web of meeting ways, staying away from un-trusted zone based organizations from taking after customers while giving uncommonly corr ect constant region overhauls. A weakness careful way covering figuring is proposed in for sparing insurance in GPS takes after that can guarantee a level of security despite for customers driving in low-thickness domains. SCMS Manager: Ensures productive and reasonable operation of the SCMS, sets rules for checking on rowdiness and repudiation solicitations to guarantee that they are right as indicated by techniques. Certification Services: Provides data on which sorts of gadgets are guaranteed to get computerized testaments and indicates the affirmation procedure. CRL Store (CRLS): Stores and circulates CRLs. This is a basic go through capacity since CRLs are marked by the CRL Generator. CRL Broadcast (CRLB): Broadcasts the current CRL, might be done through Road Side Equipment (RSEs) or satellite radio framework, and so on. This is a go through capacity Device: An end-element gadget that sends BSMs, for instance On-Board Equipment (OBE) or After-market Safety Device (ASD). Device Configuration Manager (DCM): Provides confirmed data about SCMS part arrangement changes to gadgets, which may incorporate a segment changing its system address or testament, or handing-off approach choices issued by the SCMS Manager. It is likewise used to confirm the Enrollment CA that a gadget is qualified to get enlistment authentications. Enrollment CA (ECA): Issues enlistment endorsements, which go about as an international ID for the gadget and can be utilized to demand pen name. Diverse ECAs may issue enlistment declarations for various geographic areas, makers, or gadget sorts. Linkage Authority (LA): Generates linkage values, which are utilized as a part of the endorsements and bolster effective repudiation. There are two LAs in the SCMS, alluded to as LAl and LA2. The part keeps the administrator of a LA from connecting endorsements having a place with a specific gadget. Location Obscurer Proxy (LOP): Hides the area of the asking for gadget by changing source locations, and in this manner forestalls connecting of system locations to areas. Furthermore, when sending data to the Misbehavior Authority (MA), the LOP rearranges the reports to keep the MA from deciding the journalists courses. Misbehavior Authority (MA): Processes rowdiness reports to recognize potential bad conduct by gadgets, and if essential disavows and adds gadgets to the CRL. It likewise starts the way toward connecting a testament identifier to the relating enlistment endorsements, and adding-the enlistment authentication to an interior boycott. The MA contains three subcomponents: Internal Blacklist Manager (IBLM), which sends data required for upgrading the inner boycott to the RA; Global Detection (GD), which figures out which gadgets are making trouble; and CRL Generator (CRLG), which issues endorsement disavowal records to the outside world. Pseudonym CA (PCA): Issues here and now (nom de plume) to gadgets. Individual PCAs may, for instance, be constrained to a specific geographic area, a specific producer, or a kind of gadgets. Registration Authority (RA): Validates, procedures, and advances demands for nom de plume to PCA. Request Coordination (RC): Ensures that a gadget does not ask for more than one arrangement of endorsements for a given era. It facilitates exercises between various RAs, and is just required if a gadget could ask for authentications from different RAs Fig. 1. System Architecture A hybrid configuration is proposed to execute DIVERT as showed up in Figure 4.1. The building is made out of a central server and an item stack running on an on-board contraption (e.g., a propelled cell phone) in every taking an intrigue vehicle. This structure uses two sorts of correspondence. The vehicles talk with the server over a 3/4G framework to report adjacent movement thickness data and to get the overall action thickness in the road orchestrate. The vehicles report data as showed by a security careful estimation . In like manner, the vehicles that are firmly found speak with each other over VANETs to choose the area development thickness, to scatter the movement data got from the server, and to execute a spread re-coordinating method. The server uses the vehicle action reports to gather a correct and overall point of view of the road sort out development. The framework is addressed as an organized graph where each edge looks at to a road divide. In addition, each edge has related a dynamic weight addressing the constant action thickness on the edge. A road segment is considered to show signs of stop up when the action thickness is more conspicuous than an edge regard. Each time new road pieces give blockage suggestions, the server uploads a partly weighted diagram (i.e., simply the edges having a travel time not the same as the free stream travel time) to the cars that reported starting at late and are close to the obstruct parcels. The exhorted vehicles dissipate the information (i.e., development graph and vehicle course) in their territories with a set number of ricochets to keep up a key separation from over the top flooding. The dispersal furthermore has a timeout, which is an unfaltering parameter in the system. Exactly when the time is up, in perspective of the movement graph and course information shared by various vehicles, each vehicle, whose present way crosses the stop up spot, locally forms another course to its objective. While speaking with vehicles the vehicles affirm the mechanized verification of the get-togeth er then simply its starts granting. Vehicles in like manner report getting acting up vehicle in structure if found, with the objective that system can affirm it and can discard its statement. Each vehicle sends underwriting when talking with the server as this can disentangle the issue of non-disavowal of message. Fig.2. SCMS Architecture Due traffic re-routing, vehicle travel time and fuel consumption gets lowered. As vehicle are connected it enables other Location based service Traffic is controlled and managed in more efficient manner. It helps in traffic monitoring VANET-based Emergency Vehicle Warning System Traffic light preemption for Emergency Vehicle Vehicle break down notification leads to avoiding accidents Car Upper/Dipper alerts while turning. Crash avoidance 360 vehicle awareness. Intersection movement assistance. Do not pass warning. Emergency Electronic brake light warning A feasible, cost-effective, and effective movement re-routing framework can be executed and deployed in real-time settings. This Approach is versatile as it offload the re-routing calculation on vehicle. References [1] D. Schrank, T. Lomax, and S. Turner. TTIs Urban Mobility Report. Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A M University, 2011. [2] B. Hoh, M. Gruteser, R. Herring, J. Ban, D. Work, J.C. Herrera, A.M. Bayen, M. Annavaram, and Q. Jacobson. Virtual trip lines for distributed privacy preserving traffic monitoring. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, pages 15-28. ACM, 2008. [3] Y.C. Chiu, J. Bottom, M. Mahut, A. Paz, R. Balakrishna, T. Waller, and J. Hicks. Dynamic traffic assignment: A primer. Transportation Research E-Circular, (E-C153), 2011. [4] M. Haklay and P.Weber. Openstreetmap: User-generated street maps. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 7(4):12-18, 2008. [5] D. Jiang and L. Delgrossi. Ieee 802.11 p: Towards an international standard for wireless access in vehicular environments. In IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pages 2036-2040, 2008. [6] J.G. Wardrop. Some theoretical aspects of road traffic research. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part II, 1(36):252-378, 1952. [7] J. Kleinberg and E. Tardos. Algorithm design. Pearson Education India: Delhi, 2006 [8] Car-to-car communication.[Online; accessed on 14-Dec-2013]. [9] T. Nadeem, S. Dashtinezhad, C. Liao, and L. Iftode. Traffic view: traffic data dissemination using car-to-car communication. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 8(3):6-19, 2004. [10] S. Dornbush and A. Joshi. Streetsmart traffic: Discovering and disseminating automobile congestion using vanets. In Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE 65th, pages 11-15, 2007. [11] V. Gradinescu, C. Gorgorin, R. Diaconescu, V. Cristea, and L. Iftode. Adaptive traffic lights using car-to-car communication. In Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE 65th, pages 21-25, 2007. [12] T. Hunter, R. Herring, P. Abbeel, and A. Bayen. Path and travel time inference from gps probe vehicle data. NIPS Workshop on Analyzing Networks and Learning with Graphs, 2009. [13] D. Schultes. Route planning in road networks. Karlsruhe: Universitat Karlsruhe (TH) Fakultat fur Informatik. Institut fur Theoretische Informatik, Algorithmik II, 2008. [14] N. Malviya, S. Madden, and A. Bhattacharya. A continuous query system for dynamic route planning. In Proceedings of 27th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2011), pages 792-803, 2011. [15] N.B Taylor. CONTRAM 5, an enhanced traffic assignment model. TRRL research report. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, United Kingdom, 1990 [16] J. Nzouonta, N. Rajgure, G. Wang, and C. Borcea. VANET routing on city roads using real-time vehicular traffic information. Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, 58(7):3609-3626, 2009. [17] Juan (Susan) Pan, Iulian Sandu Popa, and Cristian Borcea DIVERT: A Distributed Vehicular Traffic Re-routing System for Congestion Avoidance. IEEE transaction in mobile computing ,2016 [18] W. Whyte, A. Weimerskirch, V. Kumar, and T. Hehn. A Security Credential Management System for V2V Communications. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference, pages 1-8, 2013

Jack Chicks The Prophet :: Islam Religion Comic Papers

Jack Chick's The Prophet If one were asked to comment on influential and powerful pieces of literature, one would expect the usual suspects to come to mind. There are those time-honored classics found in bound, leather volumes that are on everyone's bookshelves. Many celebrated contemporary works have the distinction of having been awarded a Nobel or Pulitzer Prize. It was not really until Art Spiegelman's Pulitzer Prize winning Maus (Parts I and II) that we could realize the awesome power of literature in a comic form. Literature in any form is also a double-edged sword. It can incise like a scalpel or detonate like a bomb. The endless rearrangement of twenty-six letters to form words represents both thought and action. Both have the potential to be positive or negative. The Chronicles of the Learned Elders of Zion, an apocryphal and fraudulent anthology, helped stir up anti-Semitic strife in a pre-Holocaust Europe. In a mere thirty-two pages, Jack Chick's comic, The Prophet, conveys much the same attitude as that which dominated the fascist landscape of the Nazi Reich less than six decades ago. The Prophet is nothing more than a disgusting piece of rubbish and propaganda. The assertions made about the origins, history, and motivations of Islam are so ridiculous, that at some point one cannot help but laugh at the stupidity needed to write such trash. This makes Chick's work both comic and tragic. Unfortunately, free speech even applies to the ignorant and those consumed with hatred. On the other h and, freedom of thought allows us to evaluate, criticize, and reject them. The story begins with the civil war in Beirut, Lebanon in the early 1980's. It is here that a reporter is terrorized by the stereotypical wild-eyed Muslim fundamentalist. Before the reporter's "enlightenment" by the warped Dr. Alberto Rivera, he neatly sums up the situation in the Middle East as most Americans have been trained to do - dismissing everyone there as being crazy and giving up on even an iota of understanding (Chick, Jack T., The Prophet, P. 3-4). Luckily, Dr. Rivera is at the terminal snackbar so he can make sense of all of human history. His story is so convoluted that he manages to solve more mysteries than Matlock and Columbo did I their entire television careers. The only question that remains at the end of his idiotic expose is: Where was he when the Warren Commission needed him?

The Placement Of Fibre Post Health And Social Care Essay

The arrangement of fiber station is a good pick for root treated teeth non merely because it strengthens the tooth but because it helps us to construct a probationary or unequivocal Restoration. The fibre stations can be a stuff of pick where aesthetic is the demand. They have high tensile strength and a modulus of snap similar to that of dentine. The fiber station is a inactive station which does non actively prosecute with dentine, hence adhesives and rosin cements are required to repair fibre stations in topographic point. However, adhesion of fibre stations depends on assorted factors including the features of root dentine, type of rosin cement, type of visible radiation, strength of visible radiation and the continuance of visible radiation. In an effort to get the better of these jobs, dual-cure rosin cements and adhesives are the stuffs of pick for adhering fibre stations with root dentine. However, few of the double remedy rosin cements still depend on visible radiation for t heir activation. To let the visible radiation to perforate in the internal facet of the root, glass fiber stations and quartz fiber stations are used as they allow the transmittal of visible radiation to the deepness of the root canal therefore leting the rosin cements to polymerise deep in the canal. Several surveies have been performed to measure the grade of polymerisation or transition values of rosin cements but most of these surveies used the microhardness trial instead than the more dependable Fourier transform infrared trial ( FTIR ) . Furthermore, most of these surveies were non performed in the root canals. The success of endodontic intervention non merely depends on the quality of intervention but besides on the quality of prosthetic device being placed to reconstruct the losing tooth construction. The structural loss of the tooth due to trauma, carries or both makes the tooth more prone to break. Therefore, station is placed in a prepared root canal infinite of a tooth with heavy structural loss to counterbalance for the loss of tooth construction. Some writers and clinicians suggest that the station provides strength to the tooth, while others suggest that the station makes the tooth weak due to the readying of the station infinite. However, many surveies support that the station should be placed in a tooth with heavy loss so that it can supply keeping for meantime or concluding coronal Restoration. Ideally, the station should hold the undermentioned belongingss: By and large, a station is placed into a tooth to retain a nucleus. A tooth which is to a great extent broken down frequently requires a station as the bing tooth construction is deficient and weak to retain the coronal Restoration. However, the readying of station infinite causes unneeded tooth devastation which may take to tooth break. Therefore, the arrangement of station should be considered where other options are non convenient.The determination to utilize a station depends on the staying tooth construction, place of the tooth in the dental arch and the functional demand of the tooth. A categorization described by Peroz in 2005 was formulated to measure the sum of staying tooth construction. Tooth with 1 axial wall missing is referred as category II normally known as Mesio-Occlusal or Disto-Occlusal pit, while tooth with 2 losing axial walls is described as category III normally known as Mesio-Ocluso-Distal ( MOD ) . If the staying axial walls in category II and III are greater than 1 millimeters so a station is non normally indicated as there is sufficient coronal construction nowadays to back up the Restoration. A survey performed by Steele and Johnson in 1999 showed addition in fracture opposition of category II and category III when they were restored with composite and amalgam merely. Class IV is described as a tooth holding merely 1 axial wall left. There is no addition in break opposition when a Restoration is placed. Therefore, arrangement of station is normally suggested in such scenarios. However, esthetically, non-metallic stations are preferred for anterior dentitions while for posterior dentitions either metallic or non-metallic station can be inserted. A tooth which has no staying axial wall or a tooth which is wholly decoronated is described as Class V. The interpolation of station becomes necessary in such instances as there is non adequate tooth construction which can back up the coronal Restoration. Furthermore, the collet plays an of import function in defying break in such type of instances. Ferrule is defined as a set of metal that wholly encircles 1-2 millimeter of sound tooth construction which resist longitudinal break. In 2001, Bolhuis stated that the crown collet is more of import than the station and nucleus. Metallic stations are stong and stiff, normally made of unstained steel, nickel Cr metals, Ti, Ti metals or gold plated brass.Stainless steel has a long history of use but it can do nickel sensitiveness in females due to the presence of Ni. Furthermore, Stainless steel can eat over clip. Therefore, Ti stations were introduced to get the better of corrosion. However, Ti and Ti metals have hapless compressive and flexural strength as compared to stainless steel, therefore they can non be used in thin roots. In add-on, Ti station may be hard to observe on radiogram due to similar denseness as that of gutta-percha and sealant.6.1.2. Non-Metallic PostsHistorically, during the old ages 1603 – 1867, Nipponese restored dentitions with wooden station and nucleus. However, due to hapless strength and break of wooden station, cast metal stations were introduce. In 1988, Duret came with the thought of non-metallic station and was deployed in Europe in the 1990s. Fibre stations can be smoo th or serrated depending on their surface features.6.1.2.1. Carbon fibre stationCarbon fiber stations are besides called C fiber-reinforced epoxy rosin stations. They consist of epoxy rosin which is reinforced with unidirectional C fibers parallel to the perpendicular axis of the station. The C fibers are made by the remotion of H, N and O from polyacrylonitrile by heating at 250C in air, followed by heating at 1200C in inert ambiance. The diameter of each fiber is 7-10Â µm, while harmonizing to weight, the fibers constitute upto 64 % of the entire weight of the station. Originally, C fiber stations were black in colour, but due to esthetic consciousness they are available in white colour besides. Furthermore, these stations were originally radiolucent but now they are available as radiopaque besides. Main advantage of C fiber station is the ability to successfully bond to dentine and modulus of snap similar to dentine i.e between 1- 4-106 pounds per square inch. Many Studies have shown increased strength of C fiber stations, while other surveies suggest their strength is less when compared with metal stations. Furthermore, few surveies have shown that C fiber station increase the fracture opposition of tooth, while other surveies report the opposite. In 2007, Ferrari reported 7.2 % of clinical failure rate of C fiber stations after 7-11 old ages. Failures were largely due to root break, crown debonding, periapical infection and periodontal disease. However, different surveies show different failure rates.6.1.2.2. Glass Fibre PostDue to dark colour of C fiber station, glass fiber stations were introduced. These stations are besides called fiber-reinforced epoxy rosin stations and are made up of glass or silicon oxide. Different types of glass can be use to do glass fiber station including vitreous silica fiber, electrical glass or high strength glass. However, the strength of the station depends on higher content of glass fibers. In a clinical survey, Ferrari ( 2000 ) placed 249 glass fiber station and observed 4.4 % failure rate over a period of 6 old ages. Another survey performed by Cagidiaco in 2007 showed 7.4 % failure after 2 old ages. Furthermore, Naumann ( 2007 ) placed 41 glass fiber station and found no failure during 3 old ages. Most common failure were relaxation of the stations, periapical infection, tooth break, debonding of Crown and break of stations.6.1.2.3. Zirconia stationIn 1995, mayenberg introduced zirconia station with a flexural strength of 900-1200 MPa. Zirconia stations have high break stamina, high strength and corrosion opposition and are made up of tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium oxide with 3 % mol Y oxide ( Y2O3 ) called Yttrium-stabilized tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium oxide ( Y-TPZ ) . Y-TPZ is 0.5Â µm in diameter, supplying smoothness and stamina to the joggle. However, due to smooth surface, the station does non organize a good bond with composite rosin and all ceramic Crowns. Furthermore, t here was no addition in bond strength even after the station was acid etched or salanized. Matinlinna ( 2004 ) stated that bond strength between station and composite rosin can be increased by tribochemical silicon oxide coating. The chief drawback of zirconium oxide station is that it can non be retrieved as it can non be grinded and supersonic remotion consequences in temperature rise. In 2004, Paul evaluated 145 zirconium oxide stations over a period of 9 old ages and reported no clinical failure when a direct composite Restoration with zirconium oxide station was placed, while there was 9 % failure in joggles with glass-ceramic nucleus Restorations. All failures were due to post debonding.6.2. Custom Cast PostThe most normally used stuff for usage station is cast gilded metal holding a comparable thermic enlargement and modulus of snap ( 14.5-106 ) to enamel. Furthermore, it is strong plenty to bear occlusal forces. However, arrangement of usage dramatis personae station require multiple visits and due to metal demoing from ceramic Restoration, the esthetics are compromised. Silver-palladium metals and high Pd content metals are besides used for usage dramatis personae station but they have inferior mechanical belongingss when compared with gold metals. Custom cast stations may be indicated when misaligned teeth require stations, inability to present antirotational characteristics in dentitions with less coronal construction or multiple dentitions necessitating stations.In 1989, Bergman reported 91 % success rate of usage dramatis personae station after 6 old ages.

How Denocratic a country was Britain by 1914 essays

How Denocratic a country was Britain by 1914 essays How democratic a country was Britain in 1914? During the late 19th and early 20th Century, several acts were passed by Parliament in an effort to make Britain more democratic. However, whether Britain was completely democratic by 1914 is an issue for debate. In order to decide how democratic Britain was we must first establish what a democracy is. The nine major factors which make a system democratic involve providing a secret ballot to ensure privacy, holding regular elections to make sure it is the government wanted by the people who are in power. A democratic system has universal suffrage and similarly anyone can stand for election, making sure everyone has their say in who represents them. Persons in charge should be elected representatives of the people and the government should be by majority. Everyone should have freedom of speech and protection in law as basic human rights. These are the factors that constitute a democracy, but how many of these were fulfilled in 1914? In 1884 the Franchise Act was passed. This meant the voting population was up to six million. It does not bring universal suffrage but two thirds of all males in Britain were now eligible to vote. This was a vast improvement from the early 19th Century when only one in ten men had the vote. This statistic was improved to one in five after the 1832 Great Reform Act. The 1884 Act was therefore a major step towards democracy as it provided suffrage to many more people than in previous years. Prior to the 1872 Secret Ballot Act landlords and employers had a major influence over many people. In some cases, if you voted against them (i.e. not for their favoured party) you might lose your home or job. This pressure forced many people into voting differently than they would have done without this pressure. The 1870 Government Committee of Enquiry found that bribery and treating were common and so the Secret Ballot Act was meant to res ...

Causes of The Great Depression †History Research Outline (200 Level Course)

Causes of The Great Depression – History Research Outline (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Causes of The Great Depression History Research Outline (200 Level Course) 1) The world- wide economic disorder following world war I a) WWI had caused vast destruction of property, loss of millions of lives, disruption of trade b) Thus U.S. Depression was part of a world-wide depression 2) High Tariff policies of Twenties Republican Presidents a) Protected US industries from foreign competition, but hurt the economies of nations trying to recover from WWI b) These countries struck by passing high tariffs of there own, thus cutting down on demand for U.S. goods overseas. 3) Lack Of Prosperity among certain groups in the economy a) Not all Americans were sharing in the prosperity of 1922-29 i) African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans not sharing in the prosperity b) Many Factory workers not doing well economically i) Some lost jobs to new machinery ii) Conservative government hostile to labor unions, unions generally ineffective during 1920s iii) Some industries (e.g. coal, textiles, leather) never recovered from post-war depression of early 1920s c) Farmers i) Demand for farm products was falling while farm production was rising, result, falling farm prices, less income for farmers ii) At same time, farmers were going into debt (1) High costs of new farm equipment (2) Mortgage payments for their farms iii) By the time of the Crash of 1929, U.S. agriculture already in a depression 4) Unequal distribution of income a) Wealth was concentrated hand of a relatively few wealthy people; tax cuts favored the wealthy b) Farmers workers in bad shape economically; worked longer hours for not much higher income c) If farmers had received fair prices and if workers had had decent wages, they would have been able to buy businesses’ surplus products. This could have kept businesses from failing and from having to lay off workers 5) Overproduction by industry during 1920s a) Businesses produced more goods than they could sell at a profit; they had surplus inventories b) Thus when Depression began, businesses already had more goods on hand than they could sell. As noted above, they then had to lay off millions of workers. 6) Excessive borrowing of money during 1920s due to easy credit a) People borrowed huge amounts of money to buy goods and services, installment buying was prevalent; buy now pay later b) Business borrowed too much. 7) The Stock Market Crash of 1929 a) Overspeculation in stocks caused stock prices to rise higher and higher during 1927-1929 b) Then in late October 1929 investors panicked and began to sell stock in huge quantities, thus causing stock prices to fall sharply. The value of stocks fell so fast that banks, businesses and private investors lost fortunes; by mid-November 1929, stockholders had lost $30 billion. c) Causes of the Stock Market Crash i) Overspeculation drove stock prices to ridiculously high levels; stock were overvalued ii) Fraudulent stocks: many stocks were sold by companies that existed in name only. iii) Due to lassiez faire, the stock market was largely unregulated by the government iv) Buying stocks on the margin: (1) many people had only paid part of the price of the stocks they were bu8ing, promising to pay the rest later (2) When the market crashed and the value of their stock fell, stockholders still had to pay back the balance of what they owed o the stocks they had purchased. d) Stockholders panicked, and millions tried to sell their stocks at once, this drove prices down even further e) Results of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 i) Businesses lost fortunes, many went bankrupt; businesses laid off millions of workers f) Banks lost fortunes and many failed; many banks could not repay the money businesses and savers had deposited in the bank g) Millions of workers lost their jobs savings, home, etc., and were reduced to a life of poverty and unemployment i) by 1930, 6-7 million unemployed ii) by end of 1933, 12.5 million unemployed Research Papers on Causes of The Great Depression - History Research Outline (200 Level Course)Twilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

The Execution of Processes and Managing the Operations Essay

The Execution of Processes and Managing the Operations - Essay Example The service industry is different from a lot of aspects from manufacturing industry which are the reasons why operational management in service and manufacturing industry differ. In manufacturing a job is undertaken to add value to a physical component and in the service industry, the activity involves people. These differences include inventorying of physical goods; including the processing of these inventories in the manufacturing industry while the planning in services industries focuses more on capacity utilization and yield management. Secondly, manufacturing functions usually have fixed resources while the resources in the services industry change over time and are not constant. Thirdly revenue management is crucial in the services industry as refusing a customer to provide services is a more common practice than unable to provide a product in the manufacturing industry. These all differences affect the planning, scheduling and management of the operations and make the operatio ns of both the industries different from each other. However, there are certain similarities found between the manufacturing and services industry and there is a certain level of similarity in there planning and management. Interval scheduling, reservation models and timetabling are all concepts which are similar in both the industries. (PINEDO. 2009) The sales and services industry is different from that of manuf, acting. In the sales, the transaction is between an employee and a customer for sales or services while in the manufacturing there is an interaction between technology and worker to produce a product.

United States Automobile Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

United States Automobile Industry - Essay Example Automobiles are durable experience goods that sell for a fairly high price. Consequently, as the purchase of a car constitutes a large investment for the average household, the demand for cars is fairly price and income elastic and strongly affected by macroeconomic conditions, including income trends, employment, and interest rates (Adams and Brock, 1995: 68). Because we look at competitive performance within the industry, however, we do not consider the industry's overall performance and its impact on the national economy. The US automobile industry is highly concentrated, with domestic production dominated by a tight triopoly. The top three firms, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler (the 'Big Three'), account for 98% of domestic production. This high concentration started mainly in the 1930s. In the first three decades after the automobile was invented in the 1890s, more than 80 firms existed in the industry, with a number of companies entering and leaving the market every year. The number of companies that managed to stay efficient and profitable, and that survived the Depression in the 1930s, shrank to eight firms in the 1940s (White, 1982: 143). Since then, the Big Three have merged with or bought the remaining domestic firms. In the 1970s, however, US auto makers first began to face significant foreign competition. German and especially Japanese car markers, which were already established in their home markets, entered the US market with small, efficient cars that provided stiff competition for domestic producers. Today, imports account for about a quarter of the existing US market share (as opposed to 0.4% market share immediately after World-War II). This trend is reflected in Figure 1, which shows the market shares of the Big Three over our sample period. This considerable gain in market share for the foreign companies resulted mainly from the oil crisis of 1979, after which US consumers began to value fuel efficiency over size and style. The importance of barriers to entry in this industry is widely debated. In general, a long-run barrier is any cost or factor that permits market incumbents to earn supernormal returns while deterring entry. Examples include absolute (capital) costs, economies of scale, product differentiation, sunk exit costs, strategic behavior, special resources or licenses, and other legal restrictions. Because both incumbents and new entrants appears to enjoy the same benefits of economies of scale, these do not appear to constitute a major entry barrier in the US auto industry. White (1971: 38-53) estimates the minimum efficient scale of production in automobiles to be about 400,000 vehicles per year, which amounts to only an 8-10% market share. Absolute capital requirements, however, may be more important. New entrants in the automobile market must build a variety of plants, such as engine and final assembly plants, that require significant sunk costs, and establish a distribution and a dealers hip network to sell 400,000 units. According to the Department of Transportation this can easily cost over a billion dollars (Adams and Brock, 1990: 110). This large investment for the new entrant, along with the uncertainty of future success, provides a relatively high barrier to entry. Auto Industry and US Economics The automobile industry has long been viewed